Oracle Bone Essay

Religion in Shang Dynasty Religious practice has always been an essential part of Chinese Culture. Even in the period of the Three Augusts and Five Kings, religious practices occurred. However, it is not until the Shang Dynasty when actually records of spiritual communication were founded. Oracle Bones were recorded of communication between human and spirits. The ritual of cracking oracle bones told what ancient Chinese concerned the most – the relationship between spirits and nature. The intricate Oracle Bones not only reveal the religious aspect of the Shang Dynasty, but also relate the cultural and olitical system in ancient China. During the Shang Dynasty, Kings were granted the power to communicate with spirits. Mostly importantly, spirits informed kings about the unknowns. When Shang kings have questions regarding the future and their relationship with spirits, they assigned priests and shamans to become medium between human and spirits. When shamans were asked to foretell for the king, they drill hollows in shells and apply red- hot poker to these shells. They believed this ritual would attract spirits who were nearby to answer kings’ questions asked by shamans. Shamans’ main task was to nterpret spirits’ respond through the different cracks on shells. These kinds of predictions were said to be legitimate the kings were the ultimate representative of the spirit. Most of the time, kings requested to perform oracle bones divination to learn from spirits regarding the success of harvest, outcomes of battles, and schedule of sacrifices to spirits. For example, the King asked: â€Å"Will Di order rain sufficient for harvest? † (Eno 46). During earlier years of Shang Dynasty, the outcomes of harvests were more important to the people. Nevertheless, by the end of the Shang Dynasty, a large portion of divinations were performed to know the schedule and proper scarifications to spirits and ancestors. There were scarifications everyday for different ancestors and spirits according the results of divinations accumulated overtime. After oracle bone divinations were performed, kings would perform sacrifice to the assigned spirit at a specify time with appropriate goods. When an oracle divination indicated a negative answer from spirits, for instance defeat in battles, kings would then sacrifice to spirits hoping for spirits’ help to change the result. Shamans would slaughter animals and/or humans according to spirits’ preference. The result of appeasing spirits could lead spirits to provide extra helps for the people. On the other hand, if the king sacrifice the perfect quality and quantity of goods to a specify spirit but the king did not get his preference; kings could temporarily stop sacrificing to this spirit until the effect of previous scarifications were shown. Therefore, human scarification and spirits’ effectiveness created an economy between human and heaven. This economy applied more on the loyal level than the family level. During Shang Dynasty, family could only sacrifice to their own linage of ancestry. It was a crime to sacrifice to other linage of ancestries because only the king had this power. Family often sacrificed to hope ancestors would bless the family to have male children which can extend the family-tree. Thus, only the royal family had the Shang king can communicate and sacrifice to all linage of ancestries, which include Shen (natural deities), royal ancestors, and cultural heros. People in Shang Dynasty worship the greatest spirit – Di (Tian). Yet Di do not receive any sacrifice ompare to other spirits. Tian, which is said to be equivalent to Di, was so powerful that other spirits could never match their power with D’. Di was a significant factor of Shang people’s religious believe that was indicated in the oracle bones but Tian was not indicted in any evidences at all. On the other hand, Shang people viewed Shen as the power of nature, including power of earth, river, mountains, rain, thunder, and the power of directions, etc. in the early stage of Shang Dynasty, oracle bones divinations were directly performed to communicate with Shen to foretell harvest esults. Shen, unlike Di, did take sacrifice in order approve kings’ requests. For example, king asked, â€Å"Shall we call upon Que to sacrifice a hound by fire to Cloud? † (Eno 48). Thus, Shen was the second highly respected power after D’. Shang kings also sacrifice to spirits of their royal ancestors, including parents, grandparents, forebears of ruling king, relatives. These spirits were located inside the royal familys palace, and their tablets were put together with other ancestors of the same family. Kings worshiped his linage of ancestors to hope they would bring fortune to the royal amily and the countries. When the current king died, he became part of his linage. Oracle bones divinations were use to communicate with royal ancestor spirits: â€Å"Should we protect the kings eyes against Grandmother Ji? † (Eno 49). Current kings Other families only sacrifice to their own linage as well. This ancestor worship ritual was established during the Shang Dynasty and is still performing in modern Chinese culture. Finally, kings also sacrificed to ancient cultural heroes, yet they were the less prominent group of spirits. Thus, religion practices in Shang Dynasty were an essential part of Chinese ultural before and in todays society. The use of oracle bones to predict future allowed reader to date the first actual evidence of Chinese religion. The written records left by Shang Dynasty created a clear picture of the cultural and politic aspects of ancient China as well. The relationship between human and spirits remains to be a significant part of Chinese people’s religious belief. I grew up practicing ancestor worship. Work Cited Eno, Robert. â€Å"Deities and Ancestors in Early Oracle Inscriptions. † Religions Of China In Practice. Donald S. Lopez Jr. New Jersey: Princeton University press. 41-51

Biophysical Interactions on the Reef

Ecosystems At Risk Reefs are important ecosystems as the are home to an immense amount of biodiversity and are essential in the cycle of life The Role of the Atmosphere Many reefs are located in the cyclone zone due to the necessary conditions they require to grow. For as long as reefs have existed they have been shaped by cyclones and intense storms. The severity of the storms and cyclones is determined by the length and intensity of the storms, which determines how much damage will be inflicted onto the reefs. The cyclones and storms generate large waves and strong winds, which do most of the damage to the reefs.The waves have the power to rip apart soft coral and chip and damage the harder coral. Sometimes cyclones may result in large amounts of the reefs systems being buried by sediment. Reefs are very delicate and need very precise conditions to live and grow, the amount of rain that is associated with intense low systems can flood the reef with fresh water and reduce the salini ty levels. During the storms the turbidly of the water also increases so the sunlight cannot reach the coral reducing its ability to produce food.Tropical cyclone Larry (2006) showed that reefs could benefit from storms. The waves that were produced by Larry removed sediment that had accumulated and reduce the water temperature to the ideal level. The Role of the Lithosphere The role of the lithosphere in forming and transforming the reef ecosystem is very important. The reefs build themselves, this works because when the coral dies it produces limestone which the new coral grows on. The limestone is also weathered down and redistributed to other parts of the ecosystem to create a range of other landforms.Through the production of limestone coral reefs are able to withstand the erosive power of waves. Overtime individual corals will of course die but this will allow the growth of new coral on the stable limestone structures the leave behind. Sediment is also an important influence o n the reef. Sediment such as sand and mud can cloud the water creating high turbidity. High levels of turbidity can reduce the suns ability to penetrate the water and thus effecting zooxanthellae’s photosynthesis. Coral reefs may also be smothered by sediment especially were the possibility of high runoff is likely.This is why in monsoonal areas and areas with high precipitation levels there are not many fringing reefs as they would struggle to cope with the change in salinity levels from the fresh water and the sediment increasing the turbidity levels. The Role of the Hydrosphere Coral reefs grow best in high wave energy areas. Reefs are very effective at interfering with wave energy. The structure of the reef is such that the seaward part of the reef absorbs much of the energy leaving an area of calm water behind it.The amount of water that flows across the reefs is so enormous that it is measured in cubic kilometres. The flow of the currents is very important to the reef e cosystem. When the currents flow in a direction that they bring warm waters, high saline levels and high levels of nutrition that is a huge contributor to the biodiversity that makes the reefs so important and unique. The Role of the Biosphere There are more then 330 species of coral that can be found in any one reef. The coral is a living animal called Polyps.Polyps are primitive organisms that consist of little more then a digestive sac and an out skeleton made from limestone. The Polyps feed by pulling food into its mouth through tentacles. Within the polyps lives an alga called zooxanthellae, the algae produces sugars and oxygen through photosynthesis. The polyps provide shelter for the algae and in return receive nutrients and the alga is also what gives the coral the distinct colours. Each coral reef begins as a single polyp, which reproduces itself to create a colony.Apart from coral reefs are highly diverse systems made up of thousands of species. The amount of nutrients cre ated by the plants and algae on the reef is several times that made in the open ocean. Because of the high levels of nutrients available on the reef there are thousands of fish species that feed on the nutrients produced and even the coral. Due to the abundance of fish some top order predators such as sharks and dolphins come to the reef. There are many different species living on reefs that work to keep the balance of life on the reef.

Character Analysis Lady Macbeth

Set in 1603, Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth, follows the life of what started out to be a normal married couple. When the couple, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, discover from a prophecy that Macbeth would one day rule the land of Scotland, the two did everything in power to make sure this would come true. The couple devised a plan to murder Duncan, the current king of Scotland; Macbeth carried out this plan. With this newfound immense amount of royal power, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth go through several challenges in their relationship. Throughout Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth, there are significant changes in the way the audience perceives Lady Macbeth when considering her power, brutality, and physical characteristics. Comparing the beginning to the end of the play, it is apparent that Lady Macbeth is very different when considering her power. In the beginning, it appears as if Lady Macbeth was the superior in her relationship with Macbeth. At this period of time, man being inferior to woman was found to be very unusual. In a sense, Lady Macbeth was the â€Å"man† of the relationship. While debating whether or not Macbeth should kill Duncan, Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"When you durst do it, then you were a man; and to be more than what you were, you would be so much more the man† (Shakespeare 43). This line expresses Lady Macbeth’s opinion that Macbeth will only be a true man if he follows through with the murder; until then, Lady Macbeth would question his manhood. By using this line, Lady Macbeth has total control over her husband and can basically get him to do whatever she may ask. On the other hand, Macbeth seemed to turn around and take steps toward being the â€Å"bigger man† in their relationship as the play unfolded. With his immense amount of power, Lady Macbeth had no choice but to go with his superiority. An example of Lady Macbeth’s weakness was when she was conversing with the doctor and said, â€Å"Out, damned spot, out I say! One. Two† (Shakespeare 163). This quote explains how Lady Macbeth was obsessive over washing her hands, in other words, she was trying to get rid of the guilt of Duncan’s Murder. This section of the play shows Lady Macbeth’s significant change of weakness. As a weak woman, she succumbs herself to Macbeth’s power. In sum, Lady Macbeth went from being a powerful wife to a meaningless woman within the play. Another change the audience sees in the play is Lady Macbeth’s brutality. At the beginning of the play, she was the mastermind of Macbeth’s violent endeavors (Duncan’s Murder). When the two were plotting Duncan’s murder, it was Lady Macbeth who conveyed Macbeth to follow through; he was about to back out of the plan, as he did not want to commit such crime. When Macbeth was pondering the idea of failure, Lady Macbeth was quick to respond, â€Å"We fail? But screw your courage to the sticking place and we’ll not fail† (Shakespeare 43). This quote shows that Lady Macbeth was the one with confidence in their situation at hand. Towards the end of the play, it was Macbeth who was the mastermind behind his devious plans. Macbeth develops a sense of anxiety over Banquo, as he was the only one who suspected Macbeth had anything to do with Duncan’s Murder. Macbeth makes plans to kill Banquo, â€Å"Our fears in Banquo stick deep, and in his royalty of nature reigns that which would be feared† (Shakespeare 85). Macbeth was making these plans with two murders that he hired; not lady Macbeth. With the guilt of Duncan’s murder, it is doubtful that Lady Macbeth would offer support to Macbeth’s plan, given the opportunity, but Macbeth had purposely left her out of his plans. Now that he was king, he no longer needed assistance from his â€Å"housewife†. This just goes to show that Lady Macbeth went from being a brutal organizer of murder to a wife that has no part of her Husband’s secret life. Throughout Macbeth there are several observable changes in the physical being of Lady Macbeth. Though she may appear the same when focusing on her physical appearance, there are several physical changes in her mental health. At the beginning of the play, Lady Macbeth seemed to be a typical put together woman. At the end of the play, she virtually became a psychiatric patient who was in desperate need of mental healthcare. A doctor was consulted, but even the doctor knew there was nothing that could be done to save Lady Macbeth. While the doctor observed Lady Macbeth in her sleep, Lady Macbeth exclaimed â€Å"Here’s the smell of the blood still. All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand†¦Wash your hands† (Shakespeare 163-5). The doctor responds to the gentlewoman, â€Å"This disease is beyond my practice†¦So, good night. My mind she has mated, and amazed my sight. I think but dare not speak† (Shakespeare 165). This line shows the astonishment the doctor faces while observing Lady Macbeth. Her illness had reached a level of severity that a doctor could not even fix. Therefore, Lady Macbeth experiences many changes in her physical health throughout Macbeth. Macbeth is a very dense read with a lot of information and different characters. However, the changes in Lady Macbeth were very significant. Though the story concluded with her tragic death, Macbeth put his wife through countless situations that no woman should have to live through. She went from being the brains behind a murder to observing her husband committing several ruthless crimes. She also went from being a strong healthy woman to a woman with severe mental health issues. Throughout Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth, there are significant changes in the way the audience perceives Lady Macbeth when considering her power, brutality, and physical characteristics. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. N. p. : Folger Shakespeare Library, 1992. Print.

Discuss whether Microsoft's monopoly position is in the public Essay

Discuss whether Microsoft's monopoly position is in the public interest - Essay Example From an economic point of view, the question that may be asked by many people is whether this kind of monopoly is good for the public or the consumers or not. Microsoft has achieved a number of monopolistic positions in the market due to its bundling activity. In its early years, Microsoft entered into a deal with the main hardware manufacturers to compel them to sell each of their PC with Microsoft operating system and other application software. This meant that even those who did not intend to use Microsoft’s software had to pay for it then buy other software. Bundling other products such as a web browser and a media player with its operating system software has led to the firm gaining unfair advantage over competitors. However, it is the bundling of the java Runtime Environment that has caused the greatest commotion. JRE was developed by the now defunct Sun’s Microsystems and was meant to deliver a platform free programming environment through java. When Microsoft bu ndled it in its OS, it corrupted it and this was seen to work against the very idea of having a platform free programming environment. Monopoly has never been seen as good for the end consumers. In a country like America, monopoly or monopoly-like business situations have been seen to be harmful to the consumers as they make the producers so powerful that they can abuse their power, much to the consumers’ disadvantage (Geisst, 2000). Every firm looks and dreams of a monopoly in the market. Even for those businesses which operate in highly competitive markets, they always seek to create monopolistic environments, for their own advantage and not to the advantage of the consumers (Lele, 2007). With regard to Microsoft’s monopoly, the effect can be seen as both good and bad. Microsoft’s monopoly position is bad for consumers Microsoft’s monopoly is not in the public interest because monopoly in itself means that the firm can control the prices as well as the quality of the products it sells to the consumers. Monopoly, as Clark (2011) argues, is the opposite of perfect competition. Perfect competition is what is seen to be the ideal situation for consumers because the firms in a perfect completion market environment engaged in perfect competition and have to continue reducing their prices in order to entice the consumers (Machovec, 1995). Above, diagram showing how completion affects prices of products. Source: http://www.revisionguru.co.uk/economics/perfcomp.htm As Klein (2007) says, in perfect competition also, the firm also seek to improve the quality of the products in order to have an advantage over the other firms. These two factors, that is, quality and prices, are very important for the consumer. Above, diagram showing perfect competition in the long run equilibrium, Source: http://www.bized.co.uk/reference/diagrams/Perfect-Competition---Long-Run-Equilibrium When competition is eliminated and one firm or a group of few numbers of firms have a monopolistic position in the market, the firms don’t have to reduce their prices or increase the quality of their product (Khan, 2007). In this regard, Microsoft’s monopoly is not good for the consumers because it means that the firm will not be motivated to revise the prices of its products and they will also not be motivated to increase the quality of their products. In the current situation, it means that Microsoft can decide how much to sell its software, especially its operating system and the office suite.

Omega Craft Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Omega Craft - Case Study Example In my opinion the biggest reason for the problems that the company is facing with its kit car division is the lack of research that went into the planning stages of the product development. Manufacturing fiberglass hulls for boats and making fiberglass parts for a car are two entirely different things and Omega Craft made the mistake that many bigger names had made; they didn’t devise a proper product development strategy and did not test market their fiberglass car components. As a result, the lack of research that went into their car components is evident in the low quality of these products. The boats that the company has been manufacturing have been perfected over the years but the kit car components should have been tested sufficiently before their production was started. A very good option for Omega craft would be to employ vertical dis-integration and look to form a virtual corporation. It would result in a number of benefits for the company. Outsourcing parts of the kit car would mean that the company could be able to provide better products at a better price. Locating manufacturers whose specialty is this particular line of products and working with them will result in improving the final product that the company intends to sell to its customer. The company can carry out extensive research and upon deciding the kind of product that they want, they can get it manufactured from another small scale manufacturer, so that it can maximize their economies by specializing. Given that Omega Craft sets rigorous standard production specifications, this arrangement can give their Kit car parts the needed touch of expertise. The costs will also be certainly less if Omega Craft only looks to manage the supply network, market these kit car components and to uptake sales and post sales services while getting the actual products manufactured by someone else. However this arrangement can be problematic as well.  

C.S Lewis The Screwtape Letters Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

C.S Lewis The Screwtape Letters - Research Paper Example The character of Screwtape in the book is one from the lower rungs of the bureaucracy of Hell, as he acts as a sort of mentor and tries to guide Wormwood towards adopting the path of temptation and sin which would eventually lead him to Hell. The book is made up of thrity one letters in which Screwtape delivers his expert advice to Wormwood, on how to engage in the most sinful of conducts, while trampling on his personal Christian faith and beliefs about humanity. (Green, Jordan) The book also takes place within the confines of a parallel universe in which both Wormwood and Screwtape survive because of the devil’s existence; in their world, doing wrong is seen is doing right – emotions like jealousy and greed are given importance over any kind of good anyone would do, and both the inner demons of Wormwood and Screwtapes’ minds do not conform to any kind of good done for the benefit of humanity. They are not even able to comprehend what doing such good pertains or consists of. According to C S Lewis, â€Å"There are two equal and opposite errors into which our race can fall about the devils. One is to disbelieve their existence. The other is to believe, and to feel an excessive and unhealthy interest in them.† (Lewis, C.S) Thus with the help of the Screwtape Letters, he is able to grasp the attention and minds of almost all kinds of believers of human faith and religion out there. With the help of this quote, Lewis tries to explain how man should not shut his mind to the kind of wrong that is being done in the world, or the kind of devils that exist in the form of sin, that eventually puts a person into trouble. However, at the same time, a man should also not believe in the existence of these devils to the extent of formulating a lifelong bond or relationship with them, in a manner that would eventually lead to the degradation of the person. This powerful satire written by the author is a take on the devils that persist in society, and how

Business law- Contracts and leases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business law- Contracts and leases - Essay Example Regardless of the type of business an individual runs, it is important to have an understanding of contract law as it is the key to making sound business agreements that can be enforced legally in the event of a dispute. Normally, a contract is enforced and governed by the laws of the country where it was made. In the United States of America, a contract is governed by two types of state laws, that is, the common law and the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) (Bagley and Dauchy, 2012). Common Law Common law is a law which governs contracts for services and contracts that are not governed by the Uniform Commercial Code. Most contracts such as employment agreements, general business agreements and leases are controlled by common law. Common law contracts can either be bilateral or unilateral. However, the contracts are valid only if the three elements of common law contract formation are met. The elements of formation are offer, acceptance and consideration (Bagley and Dauchy, 2012). The Un iform Commercial Code (UCC) The uniform commercial code (UCC) governs the contracts between merchants and the sale of goods. The law was written by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) and the American Law Institute (ALI). It was published in 1952 to harmonize the law of sales and other commercial transactions in the United States. Although it has not been fully enacted, some provisions of the code have been adopted by all the fifty states of the US (Fullerton, 2011). Previously, the code was divided into 9 articles; however, after a number of reviews and revisions, the code is now divided into eleven articles with each giving provisions that relate to a particular area of commercial law. Article 1, gives the definitions of terms used in commercial law and the general principles that apply to the UCC. Article 2 covers all contracts pertaining to the sale of goods. Article 2A covers all transactions pertaining to leases of goods. Article 3 covers ne gotiable instruments such as checks and promissory notes. Article 4 governs bank collections of drafts and checks. Article 4A governs the transfer of funds through banks. Article 5 governs letters of credit. Article 6 governs bulk sales. Article 7 covers domestic documents of title. Article 8 covers all transactions in investment securities and article 9 applies to security interests in real property (Bagley and Dauchy, 2012). Differences between Contracts Formed Under Common Law and Contracts Governed By the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) Although both the common law and the UCC govern contracts, the two laws differ in various ways. The first difference is that, contracts under uniform commercial code apply to various commercial issues such as sale of goods, banking and security interests whereas common law contracts deal with the sale of real estates, employment contracts, insurance, services and sale of intangible assets (Prabhat, 2011). According to the UCC, a good is any item th at is tangible and movable. Therefore, the sale of a home is not a sale of goods since the home is immovable. Also, the sale of a right to a trademark is not a sale of goods since it is not tangible (Cornell University Law School, 2005). The second difference between the two contracts is that, contracts under UCC can be modified without additional considerations as long as they are made in good faith whereas those under common law except

A Story about Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Story about Love - Essay Example is the strangest as it shows how a loving wife would suffer through an abusive husband since she loves him to the extent that she would do anything for him. The characters note with this example that love occurs without any regard for sensibilities or the idea of right and wrong. This is certainly true since love is often considered a maddening predicament which has no room for rank or social standing and even practicalities become mere inconveniences when it comes to love (Chekhov, 1918). I feel that this is a very idealistic approach to love which may not really exist in the real world where practicalities often become more important than love itself. As per the story told by Chekhov (1918), love demands sacrifices and it demands that the lovers be prepared to give up on everything they want the most. As the story shows, when it comes to love, a person may have to suffer through the most gut wrenching moments without flinching and accept that what is good for the person they love must be good for themselves as well. Of course this may not be always true as it was in the case of Alehin, but the situation demanded that the beloved be given precedence over the lover. This precedence also stems from the viewpoint which the lover takes of the beloved when she is described by him with these words: â€Å"Her eyes, the elegant refined hand she gave me, her indoor dress, the way she did her hair, her voice, her step, always produced the same impression on me something new and extraordinary in my life, and very important (Chekhov, 1918, Pg. 1)†. For Chekhov, this becomes the essence of love since the supreme sacrifice a lover can make is to give up on the love which sustains him/her if giving up that love will make life easier for the beloved. Alehin does that for Anna and even though she is also in love with him, her love is perhaps not as great a love as Alehin has for her. While he is willing to give up what he feels for her just so that she can be happy, she is not

Abstract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Abstract - Essay Example Modern management will have to adapt to the challenges of the present as well as the future, according to change brought in by rapidly evolving technologies such as the internet. The conventions and rules created by theorists back in the 20th century, although redundant and inefficient, still continue to drive the management strategies of almost all business organizations. Hamel asserts that management is now out of date because there have been no great breakthroughs in management practices that have revolutionary impact on business. It is not the operating or the business model but its management model that limits the performance of a business. Innovation in management practices has the potential of generating long-term advantages for a business. Thus, it is concluded that business organizations have to rework their management practices in line with the changing demands of the 21st century and with the current technological and economic

Graphic Design History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Graphic Design History - Essay Example Such effective printing technologies facilitated the reproduction of larger presses (Gomez-Palacio and Armin 54). Among the key media that arose from the advent of reproductive technologies was the poster. Printed on large wood types, posters became appropriate modes of advertising at the time. This way, the prominence of graphic design spread rapidly. Key among the artists who exploited the use of the new technologies in reproducing art was Jules Chà ©ret. The French painter and lithographer pioneered the growth of the Belle Époqueposter art and the â€Å"father of the modern poster.† The advent of the large poster era enhanced the growth of his art as he could now produce his work both in bulk and in large posters that reached a large audience. He for example created a collection entitled the  Maà ®tres de l’Affiche, which was a significant publication in the growth of the art. It consisted of smaller sized posters in which he featured the works of the early Persian artists. This relived the works thus enhancing the growth of graphic design. His works influenced the growth of both the poster and advertising industry thus creating space for other iconic artists such as Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec among others. Enlisting soldiers into the First World War was a major undertaking that influenced the success of various countries. As such, countries devised appropriate ways of enhancing the spread of propaganda in order to attract recruits into the military besides enhancing the growth of nationalism by portraying the enemy in a negative way. Key among the media used in spreading such propaganda was posters. Graphic design helped create appropriate posters that conveyed specific messages. Propaganda posters grew in prominence as governments develop provocative message with the view to influencing public opinion thus increasing the number of citizens enlisting in the military or in changing the public’s view of the perceived enemy (Gomez-Palacio and Armin 121). In

Theory and Evidence-Based Practice of Nursing Essay Example for Free

Theory and Evidence-Based Practice of Nursing Essay Introduction Evidence-based nursing is acknowledged as an approach to nursing care that guides to enhance patient outcomes. Qouting McEwen (2002) Kelly L. Penz and Sandra L. Bassenski pointed out that in nursing practice, formalities, remote, unsystematic clinical experiences and ungrounded opinions, and traditions as the basis of practice should be de-emphasized by incorporating into clinical practice evidence-based approach to nursing care. In explaining what evidence-based approach means, Penz and Bassendowski cited Estabrook’s (1998) explanation that evidence-based nursing â€Å"is a discipline in which nurses make clinical decisions using current best research evidence, which is then blended with approved policies and clinical guidelines, clinical expertise and judgment, and patient preferences† (Penz Bassendowski 2006, p 250). In other words, evidence-based nursing practice is more than just a research; it is more than a theory or practice. However, evidence-based practice of nursing is currently subject of debate among nursing scholars and educators. Gail J. Mitchell (1999) contends that the concept of evidence-based practice â€Å"is not only a barren possibility but also obstructs nursing process, human care, and professional accountability† (Mitchell 1999, p. 271). Mitchell argued that the usefulness of the evidence has been â€Å"wrongfully cast in the context of legitimizing nursing as a profession instead of describing evidence as one possible resource for supporting client’s decision making† (Mitchell, p. 271). The Relationship between Theory and Evidenced-Based Nursing Practice In nursing practice, theory is a pattern of knowing, Jacqueline Fawcett noted that theory comes from Greek word theoria, â€Å"To see† which means to reveal phenomena that is previously hidden from our awareness and attention. Deborah Upton (1999) pointed out that theory, practice, and research identify the science of nursing. Upton emphasized that theories embrace nursing as a science, which, in the case of evidence- based practice, the basic tenet is on sound information anchored on research findings and scientific development. Fawcett pointed out that theories constitute much of the knowledge of a discipline and theory and experiences are the lenses through which we conduct inquiry. The outcome of the inquiry comprises the evidence that finds out the adequacy of the theory. In nursing practice, theory guided practice means the traditional scientific approach to clinical care while in evidence-based practice a nurse can decide on the relevance of the evidence for the patient care. According to Penz and Baseendowski evidence-based practice fills the gap between theory, research, and practice. It means that theory alone or evidence alone is insufficient basis of clinical care, but combining the two make a useful clinical approach that has potential â€Å"to improve patient care in all clinical practice setting† (Penz Bassendowski p. 251). The relationship therefore of theory and evidence-based nursing practice is that evidence-based practice absorbed theories and incorporating it including research, patient’s preferences, and other approved guidelines of the clinical practice. Penz and Bassendowski noted the study of Alligood and Tomey (2002) suggesting that theoretical knowledge when blended into the practice of nursing, results to enhanced professional autonomy. Alligood and Tomey pointed out that when nursing theory is used to direct clinical opinion and decision making , nurses can comprehend what they do and why, and they are capable to explain this to other health professional.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Further explanation of the relationship between theory and evidence-based practice can be established in the meaning and purpose of theory it self. Lynn Rew pointed out that it is theory that framed or determined what really count as evidence. Based on the premise that â€Å"theory is the reason for and the value of the evidence,† Rew provided a framework based on three factors: Components, Purpose, and Outcomes, which depicts ideal relationship between theory and evidence-based nursing practice. Rew pointed out that the components of theory are concepts and statement, while practice, is phenomena of concern and problems to be solved. The Purpose of theory is to organize ideas, while Practice delimits ideas, the Outcomes are theory construction framework for practice, and policies while in practice, evidence-based practice, generalizable programs, and interventions. She explained that concepts of theory reflect the phenomena of concern in a practice discipline, while the definition and purpose are abstractions of the practical problems to be solved in the practice arena. The outcomes of theory construction guides practice and policy development. Thus theory is highly related to evidence-based practice by virtue of determining the evidence. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite of the different emphasis of theory based nursing and evidence-based nursing practice, the aim of both camps is to advance the clinical care of the nursing practice for the benefit of the patient. However, the conflict of emphasis threatened to abolished the long established processes of clinical care in favor of evidence based nursing practice which are not really completely proven very successful in clinical treatment. Tracing therefore the relationship between theory and evidence-based nursing practice helps not only to understand what the conflict was all about but also it gives proper understanding of the nursing practice particularly the evidence-based nursing. Whether theory guided practice or evidence-based nursing practice, what is important is that the nursing practice should be understandable to nurses and to the patient.    Reference Fawcett, J.; Watson, J.; Neuman, B.; Walker, P.; Fitzpatrick, J. (2001) On Nursing Theories and Evicence. USA: Sigma Theta Tau International. http://classes.kumc.edu/son/nrsg750/articles/nursing_theories.pdf Mitchell, G. J. Evidence-Based Practice: Critique and Alternative View. Penz, K. L. Bassendowski, S. L. ( 2006)Evidence-Based Nursing in Clinical Practice: Implications for Nurse Educators. Canada. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing. Vol.37, No. 6 (November/December) http://www.orthonurse.org/portals/0/EBP%20Clinical%20Practice.pdf Rew, L (2005) Adolescent Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Theory, Research. United States of America: SAGE Publication Upton, D. J., (1999) How Can We Achieved Evidence-based Practice if we a Theory- Practice Gap in Nursing Today? Journal of Advanced Nursing Vol. 29 (3) England: Blackwell Science Ltd.

Post Modern Dance Essay Example for Free

Post Modern Dance Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By the late 1950s, post-modern dance had refined its styles and its theories, and had emerged as a recognizable dance genre. It used stylized movements and energy levels in legible structures (theme and variations, ABA, and so on) to implicate emotions, tones and social conveyance. The choreography was buttressed by expressive characters of theater such as music, props, special lighting and costumes. The aspirations of post-modern dance, anti-academic from the first, were simultaneously primitivist and modernist[1]. Meanwhile, the new wave dance, which had seemingly replaced the post-modernistic era had issued characteristics similar to the post-modern dance through message implications, but also performs altered character through presentations themselves. The topic for the discussion involves the Twyla Tharp as the new wave dance and the post-modernistic dance. Twyla Tharp Choreography: Post-modern Era 1960-1973   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Twyla Tharp began her career in 1965, at the age of nearly 23, with Tank Dive, a work in three movements, choreographed for her and four non-dancers. It was performed partly to the accompaniment of Petula Clark’s recording of â€Å"downtown†[2]. In the dance world, perhaps only Twyla Tharp could have fitted such a definition at the time, but her work was not commonly considered post-modern dance[3]. Twyla Tharp’s early choreography explored many of the same experimental issues that interested the Judson choreographers, the Grand Union, and Meredith Monk[4]. Several of Tharp’s dances, beginning with Tank Dive (1963), contrasted dance and pedestrian movement vocabularies and mixed trained and untrained performers. Tharp could transpose movement from one context to another because of her various syntactic procedures. Whether the movement was pedestrian or theatrical in origin, Tharp manipulates it using simple mathematical equations or principles based on theme and variation[5]. Twyla Tharp had greatly contributed in the field of post-modern dance. By the end of 1973, she hit her greatest success in the field of post-modern dance. The water-shed in her career was Deuce Coupe (1973), which Robert Joffrey commissioned for his ballet company[6].   During this year, another generation of dance trend was born and Tharp’s contribution to the post-modern dance had greatly provided certain contributions to the New Wave modern dance of 1973. New Wave Modern Dance: 1973   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Meanwhile, the next generations of younger choreographers of 1973 such as Peter Gordon of Life Orchestra of 1977, Karole Armitage, Rhys Chatham, and many others had initiated the formulation of new wave dances. If Twyla Tharp performed in silence at the Judson Church in 1966, had diverged from the analytic postmodern line of inquiry because her choreography was so musically inclined, by the early 1980s, when the analytic choreographers â€Å"rediscovered† music and its various uses, such interest realigned the fields of dance steps and choreography. The next bearers of dance trends had differentiated themselves from their minimalist, analytic, anti-music forebears in a way that fit with the general cultural trend; in part to engage with their own artistic contemporaries in other fields. For the late seventies and early eighties, the younger generations of new music composers were often hybrid creations that endeavors pop experience and characteristics[7]. Modern dance today is a virtual accumulation of all the influences mentioned in the past evolution of dance steps. The plurality of perspectives has not dampened debate nor the tension that has continued to generate innovation in modern forms. The basic idea of dance in Tharp’s concept of post-modernistic dance has placed remains in the evolution of choreography evidently through instinctive pairings[8]. One example of modernistic evolution occurred in 1973 wherein the Alvin Ailey company revived Ted Shawn’s Kinetic Molpai and merged the tradition of white gay men with that if African American men. The achievement and influence of choreographers such as Trisha Brown and Twyla Tharp greatly revolutionize the characteristics of the new wave dance or the modern dance of 1970s[9]. Characteristics of New Wave Dance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the trend of the late dance choreographers including Twyla Tharp, dance steps mainly connote ballet form. The term modern dance or new wave dance connotes absence to little presence of uniformity and synonymous steps. The most striking features of its development were that of a diversity of forms. New wave dance refers to performance art dance that is not founded on the ballet nor in the various forms of popular dance entertainment, although, relationships might still be traced since the basis of these modern steps were these classical or post-modernistic choreographies[10]. Modern dance chiefly aims the expression of an inner compulsion; but it has also seen the necessity for vital forms for this expression, and indeed has realized the aesthetic value of form in and of itself as an adjunct to this expression[11]. New wave dance possessed relatively increased dynamics and patterns of steps, which encourages freedom of movement through expression, emotions, or creative instinct of the dancer[12].   From this desire to externalize personal, authentic experience, it is evident that the scheme of modern dancing is all in the direction of individualism and away from standardization[13]. Twyla Tharp’s Involvement in Modern Dance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The next wave dances were greatly influenced Tharp whose work has embraced both sides of all these pairings and indicated a shift toward a concern with the dance’s perceptual effects. Representation and abstraction, emotion and motion, content and form, and psyche and environment are the prime similarities of ballet dance step formulation of Tharp and the composition of next wave dances. However, the differentiations of these dances are the standardization and strict classicism of post-modern dance of Tharp, while next wave dances basically thrived free expressions[14]. Bibliography Julia L. Foulkes , â€Å"Modern Bodies: Dance and American Modernism from Martha Ailey†, UNC Press (2002)183 Martha Bremser, â€Å"Fifty Contemporary Choreographers†, Routledge (1999) 217 Michael Huxley and Noel Witts, â€Å"The Twentieth Century Performance Reader†, Routledge (2002) 38 Press (1994) 321 Randy Martin, â€Å"Performance As Political Act: The Embodied Self†, Praeger/Greenwood (2000) 91 Sally Banes , â€Å"Writing Dancing in the Age of Postmodernism â€Å",Wesleyan University Susan Leigh Foster, â€Å"Reading Dancing: Bodies and Subjects in Contemporary American†, University of California Press (1998) 209 [1] Michael Huxley and Noel Witts, â€Å"The Twentieth Century Performance Reader†, Routledge (2002) 38 [2] Martha Bremser, â€Å"Fifty Contemporary Choreographers†, Routledge (1999) 217 [3] Huxley and Witts, 38 [4] Susan Leigh Foster, â€Å"Reading Dancing: Bodies and Subjects in Contemporary American†, University of California Press (1998) 209 [5] Foster, 209. [6] Bremser, 217 [7] Sally Banes , â€Å"Writing Dancing in the Age of Postmodernism â€Å",Wesleyan University Press (1994) 321 [8] Foster, 209; Bremser, 217 [9] Julia L. Foulkes , â€Å"Modern Bodies: Dance and American Modernism from Martha Ailey†, UNC Press (2002)183 [10] Helen Thomas, â€Å"Dance, Modernity and Culture: Explorations in the Sociology of Dance†, Routledge (1995) 24 [11] Huxley and Witts, 38; Foulkes, 22 [12] Bremser, 217; Banes, 321 [13] Huxley and Witts, 38; Foulkes, 297, 300 [14] Randy Martin, â€Å"Performance As Political Act: The Embodied Self†, Praeger/Greenwood (2000) 91

Non-orthogonal Multiple Access and Massive MIMO

Non-orthogonal Multiple Access and Massive MIMO Non-orthogonal Multiple Access and Massive MIMO for Improved Spectrum Efficiency To cope with the expected 1000x increase in mobile traffic over the next 10 years, key requirements are making more efficient use of the available frequency spectrum, increasing network speeds and opening-up more of the frequency spectrum for wireless applications. OFDMA used by LTE, etc., is being extended and superposition of signals for multiple users using a new power domain are being investigated as methods for increasing spectrum efficiency. In addition, high-directivity adaptive antennas with 100 or more elements offering good compatibility with higher frequencies, interference suppression, and simultaneous multi-user access are other potential ways to improve spectrum efficiency. This paper examines 5G wireless access systems and outlines non-orthogonal access and MIMO technologies along with some issues to resolve. 1 Introduction Next-generation 5G access systems are being investigated as a solution to the explosive increase (a factor of 1000x compared to 2010) in wireless data traffic forecast for the 2020s and the rapid appearance of various new. Three approaches are being taken towards supporting these huge traffic increases: making more efficient use of available frequencies, increasing network speeds, and opening-up new frequency bands. Making more efficient use of available frequencies is closely related to speeding-up the physical layer for multi-access and wireless access technologies. For example, increases of from 2.5 to 10 times have been proposed as targets for increasing the efficiency of 5G frequencies. Conventional mobile communications systems are moving towards faster digital wireless technologies based on advances in semiconductor devices as described below. The first generation (1G) used Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), the second generation (2G) used Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), the third generation (3G) is using Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), and the 3.9G and fourth (4G) generations are using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) supporting efficient frequency usage and good resistance to fading. The proposals for 5G systems aim to increase spectrum efficiency even further by speeding-up existing technologies, using newly opened frequency bands, and increasing network density, and support for the expected required conditions is being examined. The non-orthogonal multiple-access (NOMA) and higher-order multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) technologies described in this paper require huge processing power to implement these functio ns, which will be difficult to achieve using the performance of conventional semiconductor devices. Rapid developments in CPU processing power are expected to be a key element in deployment of 5G services. This paper describes the principles of each method related to these technologies and the problems to be resolved. 2 Non-orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) Multiple access is a basic function of cellular systems, which are usually divided into two types: orthogonal and non-orthogonal. In orthogonal access systems such as TDMA, FDMA, and OFDMA, signals for different users are orthogonal to each other. On the other hand, in non-orthogonal access systems, such as CDMA, TCMA (Trellis Coded Multiple Access), IDMA (Interleave Division Multiple Access), the cross-correlation of signals for different users is not 0. The commonly used NOMA incorporates the above-described non-orthogonal multiple access but this section discusses a specified NOMA implementation for 5G systems. NOMA under discussion for 5G systems has a new extension of the user multiplex domain to improve the spectrum efficiency. Intentionally introducing non-orthogonality aims to increase the spectrum efficiency further. As a result, technologies such as new encodings and an interference canceler are required to correct the non-orthogonality, which has been considered difficult to implement until now. However, development is pushing forward with the expectation of introduction as key 5G technology following recent remarkable improvements in CPU performance. NOMA can be classified into three different user multiplex domains: NOMA with SIC (Successive Interference Canceler)/SOMA (Semi-orthogonal Multiple Access), SCMA (Sparse Code Multiple Access), and IDMA (Interleave Division Multiple Access). In addition to the conventional frequency and time domains, these schemes aim to increase the spectrum efficiency by multiplexing the user in the power domain for NOMA with SIC/SOMA, in the power and code domains for SCMA, and in the code domain for IDMA. The follow sections explain the characteristics and principles of each of these schemes. 2.1 NOMA with SIC/SOMA NOMA with SIC (NOMA hereafter)/SOMA expands the radio resource allocation for the frequency and time domains used by LTE, etc. By superposing multiple user signals using the new power domain, it becomes possible to increase the spectrum efficiency even further and to increase the throughput. The NOMA and SOMA methods both make positive use of power and loss differences by modulation processing and multiplexing. Multiple users in the power domain are superposed at the symbol level. This method uses SIC, turbo code, and Low Density Parity Check Code (LDPC) at the receiver side to separate superposed users. The bit rate per 1 Hz for each user at this time (at superposition coding) is expressed by Eq. (1). User 2 with high channel gain is assigned the lower power P2 and the user with the low channel gain is assigned the higher power P1 to improve the average throughput for all users, resulting in improved spectrum efficiency. Figure 4 shows the throughput characteristics for both NOMA and Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA) when there is a 20 dB difference in the receiver power levels; NOMA is characterized by an improvement of up to 2 bits/s/Hz compared to OMA. The difference between NOMA and SOMA is the symbol constellation. The post-superposition symbol constellation mappings are divided into NOMA with SIC without Gray- Mapping and SOMA with GrayMapping. Both methods are now being investigated in 3GPP Release13 RAN1 TSG as a Multi User Superposition Transmitter (MUST). For simplicity these methods are commonly both described as NOMA. 2.2 SCMA SCMA is a relatively new wireless multi-access method proposed in . It avoids the QAM symbol mapping used by conventional CDMA coding technologies and implements the binary data by coding it directly into multi-dimensional code words. Figure 5 shows the SCMA encoder block diagram. The figure shows a schematic of the SCMA encoder when there are four physical resources and four codewords in SCMA code book. Each user or layer assigns the binary data output from the FEC encoder directly to the complex codeword (physical resources dimensions) according to the predefined spreading code of the SCMA codebook. Additionally, multi-user connections are implemented by assigning a different unique code book to each user or layer. Table 2 shows an example of a codebook for six users or layers. As shown in Table 2, a message passing algorithm14) is used because the SCMA codebook contains sparse code words to achieve near-optimal detection of multiplexed data without increasing the complexity of pro cessing at the receiver side. 2.3 IDMA IDMA is a multi-access method first proposed and developed in 200015). It has gained popularity as one possible main access method for implementing the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine to Machine (M2M) connections over 5G. In IoT/M2M communications, there are expected to be a large number of connected terminals sending small numbers of packets and instead of using packet scheduling based on OMA, the NOMA method is being considered be-cause it has good robustness to interference and does not require scheduling. IDMA within NOMA is known to have excellent user discrimination characteristics and a multi-user interference canceler can work effectively by combining an interleaver for each user with low-coding-rate error-correction coding to achieve a higher throughput com-pared to OFDMA. Additionally, IDMA is well suited to low-coding-rate error correction and is considered appropriate for transmitting the large number of multiplexed small-packet signals used by IoT, M2M, etc. After coding, the information bit sequence is rearranged by using a user-specific interleaved pattern to generate the encoded transmission bit sequence, which is mapped to the modulation symbols. The IDMA receiver is a parallel-type repeat multi-user receiver composed of a multi-user interference canceler and decoder. 2.4 Issues in Measurement Development As described so far, NOMA now under investigation for 5G has various methods. In particular, since the receiver performance depends directly on the SIC performance for NOMA, SOMA, and IDMA, measuring instruments must have functions for evaluating this performance correctly. However, there is presently no clear generation method for SCMA that includes codebook functions. Whether or not this can be solved either by standardization or by some implementation, development is pushing forward while watching trends in standardization and related technologies. 3.1 MIMO Evolution MIMO achieves high throughput and high reliability by using multiple antennas for transmitter and receiver (Figure 7) and it is a key technology in todays wireless communications systems. Furthermore, IEEE802.11ac and LTE-Advanced have adopted multi-user MIMO for simultaneous communications between base station with multiple antennas and multiple mobile terminals. Currently, Massive-MIMO is being proposed as a new technology for improving MIMO characteristics, targeting the 5G roll out. Massive-MIMO uses up-ward of 100 antenna elements to support simultaneous communications with multiple mobile terminals, greatly improving the spectrum usage efficiency. Figure 8: Massive-MIMO Configuration In addition, use of higher frequency bands, such as the millimeter-wave band is being investigated for 5G. Using the millimeter-wave band, is expected to support ultra-high-speed and large capacity communications using small cells, but transmission losses are big in the higher frequency bands and become bigger especially at non-line-of-sight communications (NLOS). Beam forming (BF) using Massive-MIMO antenna configurations (Figure 8) is thought to be effective in countering these increases in transmission losses. Since the antenna elements can be made small in proportion to the wavelength, the overall antenna size can be reduced even when using 100 or more antenna elements. Moreover, using Massive-MIMO can focus the energy to the mobile as a very tight beam, which not only improves the energy efficiency but is also expected to reduce interference between users. With 5G, in addition to conventional voice and internet services, video streaming, wireless Cloud, and M2M applications will become ubiquitous, requiring good service quality. In addition, these data communications will experience much higher variations in traffic levels with region and time, making it important to be able to accommodate bursts of user traffic in space and time. 3.2 Sub-Array Massive-MIMO In a Massive-MIMO configuration, a DAC is connected to each antenna element to form a digital BF configuration (Figure 9) supporting high-performance BF using digital signal processing. However, since the digital BF configuration requires a large number of high-speed DACs, the power consumption is extremely high. Moreover, using millimeter wave communications with the digital BF configuration widens the signal band, which requires high-speed signal processing. On the other hand, since analog BF using analog elements forms the same beam pattern in all bands, there is a risk that the received power of a user will drop when directing the beam at another user. Consequently, to lower the power consumption for millimeter-wave band communications, a hybrid method that can be implemented using smaller number of DACs has been proposed. This hybrid method combines both the analog and digital methods with send weighting to point beams simultaneously at multiple users; it achieves the same gain as digital BF using the massive configuration for all users. 3.3 Issues in Operation of Higher-Order MIMO Various factors including antenna design affect MIMO communication capacity. To be more precise, the following four factors are considered to cause MIMO communication capacity degradation. Inadequate selection of MIMO channel estimation algorithm Crosstalk between transmitter and receiver circuits MIMO gain reduction affected by Line of Sight (LOS) radio wave Inadequate antenna spacing and multiple reflections inside the housing Besides the above mentioned four points, in order to achieve further improvement of spectrum efficiency by using higher-order MIMO, the performances must be properly evaluated from the aspect of radio wave propagation, antenna and communication system. 4 Summary NOMA and MIMO are technologies for improving the spectrum efficiency for 5G wireless communications. The technologies have large benefits in terms of energy efficiency, spectrum efficiency, robustness, and reliability. Current base stations are both expensive and have poor efficiency at high power levels and there are proposals to replace them with massive combined modules featuring low cost and low power consumption. Achieving this requires solutions to various problems to maximize the potential of the technologies, such as complex antenna unit calculations, separation of analog and digital processing, synchronization of antenna units, etc. Additionally, implementing non-orthogonal access requires focus on increasing the power of devices for mobile terminals. Increasing the performance of semi-conductor devices offers a future chance to build high-speed digital signal processing such as SIC into more mobile terminals. Network Assisted Interference Cancellation and Suppression (NAICS ) using SIC is already being discussed by 3GPP for future introduction, and introduction of non-orthogonal access technologies such as NOMA is being proposed to ex-tend NAICS. Continuing active cooperation between industry and universities is required to solve the problems and assure future commercial roll outs. Anritsu has a wide range of measurement solutions for evaluating complex radio infrastructure and is continuing research in this field.

Destructive Relationships in Wuthering Heights :: Wuthering Heights Essays

Destructive Relationships in Wuthering Heights Many people in the world are trying to find a perfect companion. Some of these may marry and not know what their new husband or wife is like. This kind of situation often leads to separation or hostility. Other situations may develop between two friends that stem from jealousy, desire for revenge, uncaring parents, etc. Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights displays several characteristics of destructive relationships. Three of these are uncaring parents, marriage without knowing the person, and jealousy. Uncaring or unsympathizing parents are shown throughout this story to be an element of destructive relationships. Because Heathcliff gained all the attention from Mr. Earnshaw, Hindley became disassociated from his father. This separation continued until after Mr. Earnshaw had died. Another example is between Hindley and Hareton. Hindley became such a drunk and a gambler that he could not properly care for young Hareton. This led to a separation between Hareton and his father as well. One primary example of an uncaring parent is shown between Heathcliff and his son Linton. Heathcliff did not even want his son for anything except enacting a part of his revenge. This is shown by Linton's fear of Heathcliff and Heathcliff's enmity toward his son. Linton even says "... my father threatened me, and I dread him - I dread him!"(244) to express his feeling about Heathcliff . The hostility and separation between father and son in this book shows that uncaring parents can cause serious damage in relationships with their children. This element of destructive behavior may stem from an unhappy marriage in which the husbands or wives don't know each other. This had happened between Isabella and Heathcliff. Isabella did not really know Heathcliff when she married him, but after she had married him she saw that Heathcliff was not a gentleman at all. To declare her feelings she wrote " Is Heathcliff a man? If so, is he mad? And if not, is he a devil? I shan't tell my reasons for making this inquiry; but I beseech you to explain, if you can, what I have married ..."(125). Another example of this is when Catherine married Edgar Linton. Although she had been happy at the beginning of the marriage, she thought having parties all the time was

Cause and Effect Essay - Plagiarism and Cheating :: Expository Cause Effect Essays

Cause and Effect Essay - Cheating School systems today are so lenient in their rules, guidelines and consequences; thus causing cheating, copying or forgeries to be frequently used. Many students take advantage of copying someone else's work whenever they are given the chance. Other times, students will simply have someone else do their work and turn it in as their own, not realizing the effects this behavior can create. This creates a lack of creativity, no sense of responsibility and the students will never acquire new knowledge. These practices of cheating, copying and forgery by students are unethical and should be brought to the surface whenever possible. Students that copy other student's work are hurting themselves in the long run. Their creativity level drops every time they copy or have someone else do their work. After a while of copying and forging, the student's ability to think creatively and successfully becomes next to nothing. "Educators must continue to socialize students of all ages about the importance of maintaining high ethical standards," (Glazer 222). The educational system is where students learn these tricks and proceed to carry them on into there professional careers. Corners are too easy to cut these days, and in order for people to keep their minds as functional as possible, they need to do their own work. It is too easy for students to buy a students paper that had the same class the quarter before, reword it a little, and turn it in as their own. Students are no longer able to write a fictional story by themselves because the computer or someone else can do it for them. Students also begin to lose the sense of responsibility when they have other people do their work. They don't feel that they have to do anything to pass a class, only that as long as they turn in a paper, their thoughts or not, they will receive credit for the assignment along with a passing grade. This creates the feeling that life will always be a handed to them on a silver platter. This type of thinking is what is going into the work environment when these people leave the education system.

Communism Essay -- Communism Essays

In the beginning Communism seemed to the people of Russia as a utopian ideal. The promise of the elimination of classes, of guaranteed employment, "The creation of a comprehensive social security and welfare system for all citizens that would end the misery of workers once and for all." Lenin's own interpretation of the Marxian critique was that to achieve Communism there would first have to be a socialist dictatorship to first suppress any dissent or protest. Through coercive tactics this new government seized power and in 1917 Lenin came to power. Under his "rule" Russia underwent radical changes in it's economic doctrines adopting a mixed which was termed the New Economic Policy, also referred to as NEP. This economy called for some private ownership of the means of production, but the majority of industry was made property of the people, which meant the majority of the means of production was controlled by the government. Lenin's government made many achievem ents. It ended a long civil war against the remnants of the old Tsarist military system and established institutions in government. During this period, censorship and the subordination of interest groups such as trade unions was imposed to stop dissension and increase conformity to the new government policies. After Lenin's death in 1924, Joseph Stalin quickly gained control of the Communist party and the oppressive reforms started by Lenin were continued and at length became completely totalitar...

A Fusion of Past and Present

Vacations are always a treat for everybody. For families, it means spending more than the usual time with each other, creating memories, having fun and blocking the rest of society out. It is in these rare times, when everybody is relaxed and optimistic that family members get to know the real people behind their Dads, Moms, Brothers and Sisters.Not everyone can indulge in vacations and others may see it as an irrelevant expense, instead of a necessity. We often take it for granted but it is amazing how much good a simple vacation could do to a family who is under stress, and is caught up in their everyday routines.In fact, according to several independent studies published at Stress.About.com, vacations help one become more creative, as vacations are usually a time to get to know one’s self better. These studies also suggest that people who take more vacations are less likely to experience burnouts from little everyday stresses from work, marital life, and family life which c ould ultimately lead to a better way of life and an increase in the quality of work in one’s job.According to Barbara Fiese, a professor of Psychology at Syracruse University, vacations actually make you and your children healthier because they alleviate stress that builds up every day. Fiese also suggests that the amount of money you spend on vacations is not directly proportional to the health benefits you get, and adds that the silly songs you sing in the car, or those funny accidents you experience during a trip out of town are the things that make your vacation more unique, enjoyable and ultimately a lighter, happier experience.I think vacations are to be encouraged to everyone who has growing children, because they not only make for great memories, relieve the stress brought about by everyday life, and give a chance for family members to bond; but they also give you a place to find your inner child, which is definitely one of the best stress busters one could have.

Business Finance Written Assignment

Q1. Define an efficient grocery store and the three forms of foodstuff efficiency. Explain how sepa rovely of the forms differs from a perfect tense foodstuff. Define arbitrage and explain what kind of selective training is essential for you to persist arbitrage in every(prenominal) of the forms of market efficiency. (5 points) Q2. Please comp atomic number 18 the proceedss and disadvantages of the next investment regularisations Net Present rank (NPV), Payback Period, Discounted Payback Period, Average write up Return, Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and gainfulness Index (PI). You can buoy start by geting the following questions for each investment rule Does it use gold flows or accounting seeings? Does it consider all coin flows or non? Does it apply a proper rebate rate? Whether the bridal criteria be clear and reason competent? In what situation it can be utilise? What kind of atonicness does it have? ) (5 points) distrust 1 An efficient market is ad vocated by a hypothesis that downstairs lay off movement of nurture, the legitimate value of securities atomic number 18 fairly impairmentd, which flat and accurately formulate all nurture available to investors.By the assumptions that keen-witted investors pass judgment the price by observed future bullion flows, and are able to learn and react straightawayly to in the buff reading once delivered, investors do non expect to achieve returns in un ask of average market returns. The three forms of market efficiency are weak, semi-strong, and strong. Different floor of information is ruminateed by price in different forms. Under weak form, the prices ruminate all past publicly available information, standardized historical prices movements. Under semi-strong form, the prices gleam all publicly available information, like financial statements and news reports.Under strong form, the prices reflect all public and private information. Generally, because of quick refle ction of information in price and quick response of investors to the market, it is impossible for investors to obtain or use new information to find undervalued stocks. To illustrate, in weak form, using past prices for technical analysis is idle to predict future trend as past information is irrelevant to the future. In semi-strong form, using fundamental analysis is not useful as the prices are immediately adjusted once the information astray circulated in the market.In strong form, finding undervalued stocks is not consistent as all information is well known. Thus, no investors can earn additional return by vocation the information or selling the stocks with in addition high up expected returns. A perfect market is where no arbitrage opportunities overstep (i. e. Law of One Price) because complete information is shared among all investors. Compared with efficient market, no distinction in degree of information is reflected in price here. Arbitrage heart and soul the prac tice of buying and selling kindred goods in different markets to take advantage of a price difference.An arbitrage luck occurs if making a profit without victorious any risk. An efficient market does not necessarily mean investors cannot have excess return. Instead, an arbitrage opportunity does pull through if they wonder for appropriate information quickly. If a market achieves strong form efficiency attached that it is mature enough, no investor can yield any excess return in long run. Thus, no more information is needed. On the other hand, private and in vogue(p) public information are needed to obtain arbitrage in semi-strong and weak form efficiency respectively. (395 words) Question 2 Use of hard currency flows and discount rateAll investment rules are de landmarkined by estimated hard cash flows but and NPV, IRR and PI consider all cash flows throughout the contrives life. Except retribution bound, the cash flows are discounted by proper discount rate under each rule. A despotic NPV expects the exteriorise adding value to household and shareholders wealth. All discounted expected future cash flows are taken into consideration compared with the initial cost. The discount rate estimates the risk level and the return and thusly it is appropriate. Thus, NPV is the best because it accounts for quantify value of specie and risk of cash flows.IRR is the return that set NPV to zero. Similarly, the calculation is establish on cash flows and discount rate (i. e. same(p) benefit as NPV). It provides a simple rotating shaft without estimating all inside information but intuitively appealing to know. If IRR is high enough, the term spent on estimating a mandatory cost of pileus is avoidable. PI measures benefit per unit cost base on snip value of money to estimate an additional value to firm. two versions of PI provide same finale and both are easy to study and communicate. For calculating PI, NPV calculation is used and thus PIs advantag e is same as NPVs.Payback period is the amount of clipping for future cash flows taken to recollect the initial investment. It is a scanning tool for uncertain cash flows. However, it ignores cost of capital and time value of money since only cash flows for that current period are concerned. Also, not all cash flows are considered as cash flows beyond payback period are ignored. Similar to payback period, the only difference is discounted payback period better considers discount rate (i. e. time value of money). Therefore, payback period on a discounted basis will be longer. Clearness and aptness of get downance criteriaNPV, IRR and PI can provide clear and reasonable criteria while only NPV can be employ to all situations. The NPV rule is to borrow a stand-alone project with despotic NPV or a in return exclusive project with the highest NPV. As NPV is estimated absolutely, the rule can still be applied disdain of different scale of projects. The IRR rule is to accept a stand-alone project with IRR great than cost of capital or a mutually exclusive project with the highest IRR. However, IRR rule is consistent with NPV rule only if all negative cash flows precede positive cash flows. In other words, the departure is due to non-conventional ash flows and change in signs more than once. Thus, non-existent or multiple IRR(s) may cause uncertainty in end making. IRR is unreliable when mutually exclusive projects are different in scale, risk and time horizon. PI is closely related to NPV, generally leading to identical decisions. PI helps evaluate and identify the optimal combination under resource constraint, especially for limited budget. The project with the highest PI should be chosen first. Neverthe little, it ignores the surface factor and thus leads to incorrect decisions among mutually exclusive projects.Moreover, PI cannot be applied during multiple resource constraints. The rule of (discounted) payback period is to accept the project if i t is less than a pre-specified length of time. It is easily mute and simply used because of clear betrothal criteria. However, an arbitrary cutoff point is required for determination. It is subjective since ignoring the impact of cash flows aft(prenominal) payback period favors short term projects and biases against long term projects. Conclusion NPV is the closely commonly used investment criteria and true at any time. If any conflicts exist among the investment rules, NPV rule should prevail. 605 words) Reference 1. Hong Kong make of Investors (2001), high-octane Market Hypothesis, retrieved 1 April 2012, from http//td. hkii. org/investu/168ch7/7-5. php 2. NYU Stern, Market Efficiency Definition and Tests, retrieved 1 April 2012, from http//pages. stern. nyu. edu/adamodar/New_Home_Page/invemgmt/effdefn. htm 3. Wikipedia, Efficient-market hypothesis, retrieved 1 April 2012, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Efficient-market_hypothesis 4. Wretch (21 February 2006), Efficient Market Hypothesis, retrieved 1 April 2012, from http//www. wretch. cc/blog/jeysafe/3421966

Functional requirement Essay

Prerequisites are categorized in many of ways.PharmacistThe system high alert the pharmacy with medicine orderThe system will allows final approval from Pharmacist for revaluates the order within allergy clinical guideline *The system allows approval from Pharmacist to click send order to tech for processingThe system allow prior approval from Pharmacist for correct process Of the techSystem send the new order to the nurse for administer the drugs.4. NurseThe system allow nurse to verifies the orderThe system allow nurse locate patient’s IDThe system allow nurse to original document the medicineThe system allow nurse to add witness if necessaryThe system allow wet nurse to document the wasteThe system allow nurse to new document patient’s reactionNonfunctional Requirement1. OperationalThe system should integrate with the pharmacy systemThe system should social work any web browserThe system should allow the verification for incorrect dosesThe central system should c heck incorrect allergy & contra-indications of drugsThe system enable for second alternative options if medicine is out of stockThe system enables the automatically order good for medicine out of stockThe system should allow disapproval or prior approval for pharmacist verify incorrect doses and forget not meet allergy guideline to be click send back to physician2.Requirements may have a considerable effect on genetic testing and alternative development.Functional requirements identify parts of performance deeds that needs to be built to an comprehensive program product that is overall.

Non-functional requirements could contain things such like dependability and response time.Non-functional requirements are mainly to steer clear of external events that late may affect the system functionality.Conscious Requirement A requirement that is mindful is worth something which the stakeholder is consciously conscious of.A functional demand has number a own name summary and a rationale.

It sends an email to the course instructor containing the advice offered by the program participant.FR8 The systems shall be in a same place to shortlist candidates in accordance with how their qualifications, expertise, skills and so forth.FR16 The nervous system shall enable an applicant to fill worn out an application for work only.Of course, to be aware that it complies with all NFRs, it has to be analyzed.

FR17 The system shall enable an applicant to create their curriculum vitae.Based on your new methodology and company analysis practices, a functional complete specification may arrive in a choice of formats that how are unique.Even when recognized, as might be desired a number of these various kinds of nonfunctional requirements are tough to check logical and thus frequently are at all or not tested as adequately.When a lawyer log in with the specific thk same identification the work all should be given.

The Yoshida Doctrine

altogether contrasted comparison that a Nation-State transmit berths is everto a colossaler extent self-serving. A demesne stick ins into an suit with some separate for the social function of achieving its depicted object goals, and preserving its interior(a) hold dearion. When a rural atomic number 18a is in insufficiency of caution, whether in the stinting or self-abnegation facet, the source survival of the fittest that that e aro usance would lift hap up is to put on into traffic with incompatible enounces, and the off roundab unwrap dry land on their tip would be the unite States. The f completely in States has been the gentleman superpower since full status immemorial, tyrannical the arna in to the highest degree exclusively cheeks.Consequently, when countries be in urinate up of wait on, the US is their stolon alternative in causation to roll to. When japan was grappled by the disqualifying effectuate of the atomic number 42 earthly c erstrn state of strugglefaref ar, their mis gift situated for them to unload into unconnected dealing with the US Thus, the Yoshida article of belief was born. The precept was named by and by Yoshida Shigeru, a japanese diplomatist and politician who served as meridian att shoemakers last of japan from 1946 to 1947 and from 1948 to 1954, during the ex wager diversity fulfilment subsequently populace war II (http//www. vernal beencyclopedia. rg/ entry charge/Yoshida_Shigeru). This com watching drifts to fork let out an everywhere resume on the extraneous trans morselion of lacquer on a spheric live with intent focalisation on the f altogether in term stay. quantify argon ever-changing in im practical slipway. thither absorb been extensive changes which piece of tail be weighed as ap spoted or ostracize depending on whom the be throttleer is in this causal agent, the dealings surrounded by japan and the US. What was erst an welcome compact in the ane clock sequence(prenominal) whitethorn straightway be of minor or no impressiveness when utilise to the show. a serious deal cartridge clip we project the mention the exactly social occasion uni contour in the world is change. With this in estimation, eitherthing that a acres would show moldinessinessiness be do with fulfilment clarity, and moldiness(prenominal) place into circumstance the sight of e rattling case which whitethorn be germane(predicate) to it. The lead off which whitethorn cod warranted the practical practical application of the Yoshida philosophical scheme in the last(prenominal) whitethorn non twain to a enormo physical exerciser extent(prenominal) be applic equal to(p) at somebodyate thus, in that location would be a affect to exterminate or doctor sure nutriment of the aforementi mavind(prenominal) treaty for the comme il faut application thitherto. The Y oshida school of thought was the increase of an arranging amid whereforece(prenominal) pristine parson Shigeru Yoshida with the united States.The discernment was do to tending japan f all(prenominal) out stintingal attendant from the practise of the universe of dis dustup war II. To be commensurate to acquire this, lacquer to a great extent relied on the fall in States for its multitude protection. This was the tactical maneuver describen by whereforece vertex attend Yoshida to elucidateen the make of the war and to armed receipts it resume as a realm frugal attendant. It tidy sum be state that the Yoshida belief that lacquer go intoed with the US was bilaterally symmetric and unsymmetric. The philosophy was bilateral in general because it was an in showect fractiously mingled with the US and japan. Also, the belief was asymmetrical for the reason that the arrangement was bend to a greater extent(prenominal) than on the US utility.At cash in ones chips-off glance, the precept really is estim equal to(p) for japan yet, in the hanker run, this benefit would be at the set d make water of Nipp binglese depicted object dignity. At the cartridge holder of the icy war, the doctrine powers that the US lead abandon sparing guinea pigs to the Nipp whizz(a)se judicature. On the some new(prenominal)(a) hand, abnegation retail stores impart be bring offd by the US. This would suppose that the US would act in behalf of the Nipponese armed ser sins machine in discussion Nipponese refutation. The multitude is an official document of a state that holds the monopoly of the legitimatise use of violence.The press is tasked to conserve the nation-states pot from k immediatelyledge equal and remote threats, and to honour love-in-idleness and clubhouse. These are the handed-d avouch designs of the fierceness. A states hold on its reap is inborn to its survival, and fo r the confidence of its reign. If one is to be culture excludely the occurrence solicitudeing the Yoshida philosophical system that the US would handle commits issues on lacquerese phalanx on outdoor(a) refutal, indeed this would guess that spotlights in the unite Nations nearly peculiarly the place in the join Nations certification Council, the get together States would as salubrious hold.It is of net magnificence to delegate out that although I would deal to go up that lacquer could put up itself and rootpoint on its avow, it is salve master(prenominal) for it to change state a process of the linked Nations pledge system Council. existence a division of the united Nations is polar, since this intertheme grantment plays a coarse role in gentility whiz amongst the extremity countries. japan is al fake a atom of this reput equal to(p) ecesis and it should get on on up(a) its transaction with it.The join Nations was piddle in articulate to encourage ataraxis and con categoryity among those countries who are parties to it. The unify Nations does non explore to tread d take on the way by which a rustic runs its prevailment plainly aims for to apiece one of its estate fellow components to conduct by its more(prenominal) often than non pleasant principles such(prenominal)(prenominal) as calm come oning, do- veraciouser financial aid, and the like. As such, the members of the unite Nations are in compact that it is definitive to venerate the rights of the diametric reign that are part of it.This is strategic because it would reelect a dis perplex of peace of mind to organisations of the mixed member Nation-States since it k instanters that it has the crackness to govern its pot without either(prenominal) out-of-door run, succession at the same time lettered that it has confederacys from oppositewise countries which would be of back up when the assume a turn outs. in that location is no estimate consequence that the linked States benefited from the Yoshida philosophical system. But, a side by side(predicate) olfactory modality into the harmony would break outback(a)(a) that the linked States was equal to set lacquer to a impressive extent.The unify States has been touted as the well-nigh on the merelytonly soil at usher consequently, e real acres would take to evidence a analogy with it, in one way or an new(prenominal)wise(a). The front of the joined States multitude machine pull up in lacquer gave the causation the chance to run into the last mentioned by the incorrupt aim that it has in their uncouth. The Yoshida principle has already served its propose, and its dictate on the Nipponese semipolitical sym passies at the return is no continuing relevant. The doctrines purpose of self-aggrandising lacquer sparing aid in supercede for use the Nipponese troops has vast since been able to establish itself.On the economical boldness, lacquer is bringed as one of the superlative degree countries in trauma of economic growing. A earth as productive as japan has equal keep abreast of resources acquire to aliment its array naturalizeforce. At yield,, It would be a really(prenominal) of import purpose to float outdoor(a) from the Yoshida school of thought since this whitethorn exit to having a drive comparison with the join States. However, it is lock up exertable to inaugurate into imperturbable negotiations with countries to allege their circumspection with each an opposite(prenominal). At the play, lacquer squeeze out straight off foot up on its proclaim both financially and on the take of credential.This inelegant has know economic policies with proofs from its domestic fruit in portentous dos.. each establishment activity essential(prenominal)(prenominal)inessiness experience decent amount of income in site to reinforcement its carry such as education, livelihood, soldiery, root word and some opposite relevant projects. The economic harvesting cosmos enjoyed by japan signals stability for their governing body. A signifi cornerstonet ratiocination to repose barren from the submit and colony of the get together States is a very concentrated finding for japan. However, these are perils that a establishment moldiness be impulsive to take. The security force of both(prenominal) politics should be interpreted seriously.The war machine is analogous to the commandant in old geezer of whatever organization. The armed forces should assure its consignment to fleshyly one politics other(a)wise, versatile riddles and fightings whitethorn stand. If the coupled States would lodge to croak its aid to japan consistent to the Yoshida article of faith, consequently(prenominal) I take that the conducting of the creator in the last m entioned realm is at that place for the handle reasons. This is where the individualised credit soak up fails satisfying that an amendment of the doctrine is in request. The sign collar of japan and the united States is that the last mentioned would stretch a yearn its forces service to the former to stand by it resume economi roary.I deliberate that this concern is no endless of issue at this day and age. The intellect should be rendered overturn and academic. If japan would quench compliments to pick up the join States soldiers force to be flummox in their agricultural then a new promise is in put up, so that it would tot up to the return exigency in that findof. As news report would tell us, it is off the hook(predicate) to consecrate that likewise oft bond paper with a picky realm considers the independency of that artless. Whether the fellowship implicated likes it or non, on that point testament be endings that it has to ma ke in earnest get out of the demesne with whom it has an system with.This could adversely affect the strange indemnity of that special(a) land to the injury of its constituents. It would be scoop out for lacquer to keep its fusion with the get together States to a marginal and counseling sort of on its dealings with, non altogether the get together Nations, save more so, with all the other countries as well. It is expose to grow a good and harmonised birth with the get together Nations which is sedate of several(prenominal)(prenominal) countries than to center on enhancing its traffic with a wizard rural. The consanguinity of japan and the joined States could be counterbalancetually criticized to the preconceived perspicacity of both countries.If lacquer would cause its exclude dealing on this allude train with the joined States it could be regarded as a res publica which would do all(prenominal)thing and delay on some(prenominal)th ing that the latter(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) agrees on. It is very burning(prenominal) for every earth to amaze liberty and liberty apologize from every(prenominal) form of outside baffle. I remember it would be lift out for japan to conjure is human race with other countries than to charge on the join States. For instance, lacquer good deal amend its traffic with countries with whom its family dealingship is non as appliances-grade as with the linked States.japan has a good head start, it is already a member of the joined Nations and of the sort out of xx finance sees and exchange depository financial institution Governors or more comm notwithstanding(a) know as G-20. The G-20 is calm of 19 countries and of the European marrow whose aim is to shout out orbicular economic issues. The host is compose of, get together Kingdom, China, Mexico, Argentina, Australia, France, Ger numerous, these countries among others. The point of the affair is that lacquer should improve its transaction with these countries alternatively of simply when be self-satisfied with its dealingship with the fall in States. lacquer should nurture its relations with France, China, Mexico and other countries comprising G-20 as this would be of great and full emolument for their terra firma. lacquer has already proven its truth to the get together States, thus, it is now time for it to move on to other countries. lacquer whitethorn or else civilize on enhancing its relations with its adjacent countries in order to work on more policies for their benefit. each dry land inevitably to hold open diplomatic relations with every conceive ofable governance in order to let on action its goal.Further, it whoremonger withal be argued that the resources of japan should be piece not but with the joined States alone with all other countries that are urgently in need of it and vice versa. The linked States should not moreo ver favour those countries with whom it is able to adjoin something plainly it should also make to deal its resources tied(p) to those with whom it is unable to put one over in return. It whitethorn buy the fartherm nonesuch however, it only office macrocosm civil. It only intend animateness infra placements where get is not the important reason for living.On a political aspect, the Yoshida school of thought was do during the time of then bill spirit Yoshida. The factors by which indeed primitive minister of religion Yoshida was surrounded with may no yearn-run be relevant at this present time of tip minister edda Aso. The smirch of japan during the involvement reality state of war II period is completely several(predicate) than nowadays. by dint of several want time, lacquer has evolved politically. When lacquer was til now on the encumberary of recovery from the effect of institution contend II, it necessitate to consent an ally to be able to rise up a foregather.As such, then bloom of youth rector Yoshida, entered into an engagement which was to be cognise as the Yoshida doctrine with the get together States. In 2009, m either historic period by and by innovation fight II, lacquer is regarded as the trine largest prudence. japan has set abouted this troops position subsequently years of hard work. lacquer is considered as technologically footholdbreaking and has been pass judgment more and more investments, fashioning it economically self sufficient. Statistics show that it has 0% tribe beneath indigence line. The relation of its economic growth with its political aspect is important.A government that has a well-to-do providence is self-sufficient, thus, its government is heart-to-heart of standing on its accept. Thus, the Yoshida tenet would no long-term be applicable at this time. Although it shadower be argued that it would be very rugged to just shortly subdue th e Yoshida school of thought since there is a insecurity of mistake on the part of the get together States. often generation(prenominal) act would consequently charm questions regarding japanese intentions or its loyalty, assuage, a primitive interpret of this matter is decent(a) for the ruff interests of japan. heyday Minister Aso is go about with diverse challenges that his leading and term has to face. The leading of any government should view every proportionateness on a long term basis. any crucial concordances organism do should be examined in the light of all factors such as economic, phalanx, or political aspects. A attraction must constantly bear in mind that he is only the interpreter of the democracy that he represent, he does not direct the position to establish personal or in force(p) interests for his deliver agenda. Instead, the theme should everlastingly be ii move ahead. on that point should be a protrusion of fortune with a unad ulterated compendium of every possible contrast that may arise as a settlement of any bargain or treaty. each transcription that a country seeks to enter must not be for the benefit of the persist political companionship or person occupying the highest position of the land. The profound reasons for submission into any symmetricalness must lead the political interests of a special(prenominal) party. With this, it burn be express that a change of the Yoshida dogma is in order so that it would be do to accommodate to the present fleck liner japan.The Yoshida article of belief alter lacquers distant insurance policy game introduction War II to a great extent. lacquer granted its troops force to the united States since it melt offe to rehabilitate its economy which was destroyed by the war. As a solution, the joined States was tasked to take keep in line of the military defense of japan. Up to this day, lacquer has kept up(p) affectionate ties wit h the coupled States. japan took the risk of allowing the get together States to take fudge of their security firearm it was officious with crowd resources for its economic recovery. This set-up has its consequences that are being snarl even to this day.When japan concur to enter into an covenant with the unify States it did not nip far into the time to come since it was only if interested with the situation, chain armour humans War II. thither was lack of hypermetropy in analyzing the next. The un favourable judgment that could be increase today is that, as a consequent of the Yoshida principle, lacquer now finds it hard to gain independence from the joined States and to gain a representing hindquarters at the united Nations warranter Council. If the Yoshida article of faith be not amended, lacquer will unceasingly bear the gull of being an ally of the join States. lacquer has surrendered a very muscular weapon to the join States that is their milit ary force. It crumb be said, that this would also result to heavy(p) up a cosmic formal of their reign and independency as a country. lacquer must examine its position and its resources. It must flavour at the larger run into and pick up whether or not it is keep mum gainful for it to carry on close ties on this take aim with the join States. lacquer must put on presumptuousness itself options and widened its horizons by thinking doubly when it surrendered its military force in favor of other(prenominal) country, in this case, the join States.If the situation would be interpreted from a bigger perspective, avoiding any ill-judged view of the matter, a problem could be detected. ace aspect that we backside see is that the Yoshida Doctrine does not back up the quicken to war as a representation to resolve conflicts. On the other hand, the join States is cognise to be active phonate in musical accompaniment its military manpower by attractive in war wi th other nations to resist terrorists. in that location seems to be a conflict of principles undertaken by these two countries who aim to work as one.When the need arises for japan to follow unite States orders on the military aspect, japan would form no voice and would pass on way to inhabit by the agreement that it has entered with the get together States. lacquer is indeed leave hand with no voice, no self-direction and no granting immunity to protect its experience country by ways that it believes in. The amendment of the Yoshida Doctrine would not entirely cut the ties of japan from the joined States. It however seeks to place japan on its proper place. The leadership of lacquer should take this matter seriously if it does not necessitate to be forevermore bound to the doctrine that should name long been amended. alike much of everything is bad. A affectionateness ground should be conventional between the ties that entertain japan and the joined Stat es. on that point should be path left for the government officials of japan to solve its decision qualification when it comes to reason the security of their country. japan may use the experiences that it has acquired from the join States during those times when the latter has elongate its aid to the former. From here, japan could form its own strategy, its own plan, a defense system that it gutter call its own, idle from any influence by the linked States.In this way, japan would gain more respect from other countries and could set a good precedent for other nations, giving the idea that a quick nation can do anything on its own with a little(a) suffice from others. If, after a thoroughgoing(a) analysis of the situation, Japan believes that it is not ready to go on an all out liberty from the get together States, then it may enter into an agreement with the latter that would still fall apart them teeming withdrawdom to descend on their own. The join States in this regard would unless be there to guide Japan, kind of of totally winning away the military sovereignty and emancipation of the latter.I am of the opinion that the Yoshida Doctrine should be reshaped to be make more applicable at this present time. Japan has long been able to stand on its own and has since recovered(p) from the crisis that it was confront with in the gone which necessitated surrender of the military to the linked States. freedom of any country, free from any external influence should be the control principles of any nation since it must collar how to stand on its own. It would not however hurt to seek support from another country but this does not basal that one should be pull in total creed thereto.Japan should start to critique and take away deeper into its motive for its close alliance with the united States. The get together States has its own concerns and issues to brood supreme of Japan. This representation that the unite States inv ariably has to look out for its country showtime and initiative without having to consider the stake that other associate have over it. end-to-end the years from the 1970 up to the present, galore(postnominal) things have transpired. Japan has flourished economically, the coupled States became entangled with support its country by resorting to war, act of terrorism has become the study problem of the linked States and so on.Japan should let to take a different course from its overdependence with the fall in States, it should start winning the path that would give it more independence from the latter. To end my article, let me share with you a line that deserves to be pondered on emancipation is the emancipation from the arrogant rule of other men. This quotation that was once verbalize by Mortimer Adler in full encompasses the kinship that Japan has with the fall in States. If Japan puts its national sovereignty on its lists of priorities, then Japan must thin k its relationship with the fall in States, and think more than double on their future transactions.